Components are a key part of the game. They are used in every crafting recipe, and can be used by facilities like Assemblers, or Smelters, and can also be produced by facilities like the Mining Machines, Arc Smelters, Chemical Plants, and Assemblers as well as in Icarus's replicator. (Confusingly, the game refers to all non-Buildings as "Components" and also has a subcategory called components within the larger one.)
While it is possible to see the direct ingredients for a component on the wiki, just like in-game; this wiki also lists the raw ingredients to every component (eg ores, oil, etc).
The following links to every component in the game: